- class sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5, *, weights='uniform', algorithm='auto', leaf_size=30, p=2, metric='minkowski', metric_params=None, n_jobs=None)[source]#
Classifier implementing the k-nearest neighbors vote.
Read more in the User Guide.
- Parameters:
- n_neighborsint, default=5
Number of neighbors to use by default for kneighbors queries.
- weights{‘uniform’, ‘distance’}, callable or None, default=’uniform’
Weight function used in prediction. Possible values:
‘uniform’ : uniform weights. All points in each neighborhoodare weighted equally.
‘distance’ : weight points by the inverse of their distance.in this case, closer neighbors of a query point will have agreater influence than neighbors which are further away.
[callable] : a user-defined function which accepts anarray of distances, and returns an array of the same shapecontaining the weights.
Refer to the example entitledNearest Neighbors Classificationshowing the impact of the
weights
parameter on the decisionboundary.- algorithm{‘auto’, ‘ball_tree’, ‘kd_tree’, ‘brute’}, default=’auto’
Algorithm used to compute the nearest neighbors:
‘ball_tree’ will use BallTree
‘kd_tree’ will use KDTree
‘brute’ will use a brute-force search.
‘auto’ will attempt to decide the most appropriate algorithmbased on the values passed to fit method.
Note: fitting on sparse input will override the setting ofthis parameter, using brute force.
- leaf_sizeint, default=30
Leaf size passed to BallTree or KDTree. This can affect thespeed of the construction and query, as well as the memoryrequired to store the tree. The optimal value depends on thenature of the problem.
- pfloat, default=2
Power parameter for the Minkowski metric. When p = 1, this is equivalentto using manhattan_distance (l1), and euclidean_distance (l2) for p = 2.For arbitrary p, minkowski_distance (l_p) is used. This parameter is expectedto be positive.
- metricstr or callable, default=’minkowski’
Metric to use for distance computation. Default is “minkowski”, whichresults in the standard Euclidean distance when p = 2. See thedocumentation of scipy.spatial.distance andthe metrics listed indistance_metrics for valid metricvalues.
If metric is “precomputed”, X is assumed to be a distance matrix andmust be square during fit. X may be a sparse graph, in whichcase only “nonzero” elements may be considered neighbors.
If metric is a callable function, it takes two arrays representing 1Dvectors as inputs and must return one value indicating the distancebetween those vectors. This works for Scipy’s metrics, but is lessefficient than passing the metric name as a string.
- metric_paramsdict, default=None
Additional keyword arguments for the metric function.
- n_jobsint, default=None
The number of parallel jobs to run for neighbors search.
None
means 1 unless in ajoblib.parallel_backend
context.-1
means using all processors. See Glossaryfor more details.Doesn’t affect fit method.
- Attributes:
- classes_array of shape (n_classes,)
Class labels known to the classifier
- effective_metric_str or callble
The distance metric used. It will be same as the
metric
parameteror a synonym of it, e.g. ‘euclidean’ if themetric
parameter set to‘minkowski’ andp
parameter set to 2.- effective_metric_params_dict
Additional keyword arguments for the metric function. For most metricswill be same with
metric_params
parameter, but may also contain thep
parameter value if theeffective_metric_
attribute is set to‘minkowski’.- n_features_in_int
Number of features seen during fit.
Added in version 0.24.
- feature_names_in_ndarray of shape (
n_features_in_
,) Names of features seen during fit. Defined only when
X
has feature names that are all strings.Added in version 1.0.
- n_samples_fit_int
Number of samples in the fitted data.
- outputs_2d_bool
False when
y
’s shape is (n_samples, ) or (n_samples, 1) during fitotherwise True.
See also
- RadiusNeighborsClassifier
Classifier based on neighbors within a fixed radius.
- KNeighborsRegressor
Regression based on k-nearest neighbors.
- RadiusNeighborsRegressor
Regression based on neighbors within a fixed radius.
- NearestNeighbors
Unsupervised learner for implementing neighbor searches.
Notes
See Nearest Neighbors in the online documentationfor a discussion of the choice of
algorithm
andleaf_size
.See AlsoMachine Learning Basics with the K-Nearest Neighbors AlgorithmK-Nearest Neighbor(KNN) Algorithm - GeeksforGeeksKNN Algorithm – K-Nearest Neighbors Classifiers and Model ExampleWarning
Regarding the Nearest Neighbors algorithms, if it is found that twoneighbors, neighbor
k+1
andk
, have identical distancesbut different labels, the results will depend on the ordering of thetraining data.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-nearest_neighbor_algorithm
Examples
>>> X = [[0], [1], [2], [3]]>>> y = [0, 0, 1, 1]>>> from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier>>> neigh = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)>>> neigh.fit(X, y)KNeighborsClassifier(...)>>> print(neigh.predict([[1.1]]))[0]>>> print(neigh.predict_proba([[0.9]]))[[0.666... 0.333...]]
- fit(X, y)[source]#
Fit the k-nearest neighbors classifier from the training dataset.
- Parameters:
- X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples, n_features) or (n_samples, n_samples) if metric=’precomputed’
Training data.
- y{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
Target values.
- Returns:
- selfKNeighborsClassifier
The fitted k-nearest neighbors classifier.
- get_metadata_routing()[source]#
Get metadata routing of this object.
Please check User Guide on how the routingmechanism works.
- Returns:
- routingMetadataRequest
A MetadataRequest encapsulatingrouting information.
- get_params(deep=True)[source]#
Get parameters for this estimator.
- Parameters:
- deepbool, default=True
If True, will return the parameters for this estimator andcontained subobjects that are estimators.
- Returns:
- paramsdict
Parameter names mapped to their values.
- kneighbors(X=None, n_neighbors=None, return_distance=True)[source]#
Find the K-neighbors of a point.
Returns indices of and distances to the neighbors of each point.
- Parameters:
- X{array-like, sparse matrix}, shape (n_queries, n_features), or (n_queries, n_indexed) if metric == ‘precomputed’, default=None
The query point or points.If not provided, neighbors of each indexed point are returned.In this case, the query point is not considered its own neighbor.
- n_neighborsint, default=None
Number of neighbors required for each sample. The default is thevalue passed to the constructor.
- return_distancebool, default=True
Whether or not to return the distances.
- Returns:
- neigh_distndarray of shape (n_queries, n_neighbors)
Array representing the lengths to points, only present ifreturn_distance=True.
- neigh_indndarray of shape (n_queries, n_neighbors)
Indices of the nearest points in the population matrix.
Examples
In the following example, we construct a NearestNeighborsclass from an array representing our data set and ask who’sthe closest point to [1,1,1]
>>> samples = [[0., 0., 0.], [0., .5, 0.], [1., 1., .5]]>>> from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors>>> neigh = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=1)>>> neigh.fit(samples)NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=1)>>> print(neigh.kneighbors([[1., 1., 1.]]))(array([[0.5]]), array([[2]]))
As you can see, it returns [[0.5]], and [[2]], which means that theelement is at distance 0.5 and is the third element of samples(indexes start at 0). You can also query for multiple points:
>>> X = [[0., 1., 0.], [1., 0., 1.]]>>> neigh.kneighbors(X, return_distance=False)array([[1], [2]]...)
- kneighbors_graph(X=None, n_neighbors=None, mode='connectivity')[source]#
Compute the (weighted) graph of k-Neighbors for points in X.
- Parameters:
- X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_queries, n_features), or (n_queries, n_indexed) if metric == ‘precomputed’, default=None
The query point or points.If not provided, neighbors of each indexed point are returned.In this case, the query point is not considered its own neighbor.For
metric='precomputed'
the shape should be(n_queries, n_indexed). Otherwise the shape should be(n_queries, n_features).- n_neighborsint, default=None
Number of neighbors for each sample. The default is the valuepassed to the constructor.
- mode{‘connectivity’, ‘distance’}, default=’connectivity’
Type of returned matrix: ‘connectivity’ will return theconnectivity matrix with ones and zeros, in ‘distance’ theedges are distances between points, type of distancedepends on the selected metric parameter inNearestNeighbors class.
- Returns:
- Asparse-matrix of shape (n_queries, n_samples_fit)
n_samples_fit
is the number of samples in the fitted data.A[i, j]
gives the weight of the edge connectingi
toj
.The matrix is of CSR format.
See also
- NearestNeighbors.radius_neighbors_graph
Compute the (weighted) graph of Neighbors for points in X.
Examples
>>> X = [[0], [3], [1]]>>> from sklearn.neighbors import NearestNeighbors>>> neigh = NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=2)>>> neigh.fit(X)NearestNeighbors(n_neighbors=2)>>> A = neigh.kneighbors_graph(X)>>> A.toarray()array([[1., 0., 1.], [0., 1., 1.], [1., 0., 1.]])
- predict(X)[source]#
Predict the class labels for the provided data.
- Parameters:
- X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_queries, n_features), or (n_queries, n_indexed) if metric == ‘precomputed’
Test samples.
- Returns:
- yndarray of shape (n_queries,) or (n_queries, n_outputs)
Class labels for each data sample.
- predict_proba(X)[source]#
Return probability estimates for the test data X.
- Parameters:
- X{array-like, sparse matrix} of shape (n_queries, n_features), or (n_queries, n_indexed) if metric == ‘precomputed’
Test samples.
- Returns:
- pndarray of shape (n_queries, n_classes), or a list of n_outputs of such arrays if n_outputs > 1.
The class probabilities of the input samples. Classes are orderedby lexicographic order.
- score(X, y, sample_weight=None)[source]#
Return the mean accuracy on the given test data and labels.
In multi-label classification, this is the subset accuracywhich is a harsh metric since you require for each sample thateach label set be correctly predicted.
- Parameters:
- Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)
Test samples.
- yarray-like of shape (n_samples,) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
True labels for
X
.- sample_weightarray-like of shape (n_samples,), default=None
Sample weights.
- Returns:
- scorefloat
Mean accuracy of
self.predict(X)
w.r.t.y
.
- set_params(**params)[source]#
Set the parameters of this estimator.
The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects(such as Pipeline). The latter haveparameters of the form
<component>__<parameter>
so that it’spossible to update each component of a nested object.- Parameters:
- **paramsdict
Estimator parameters.
- Returns:
- selfestimator instance
Estimator instance.
- set_score_request(*, sample_weight: bool | None | str = '$UNCHANGED$') → KNeighborsClassifier[source]#
Request metadata passed to the
score
method.Note that this method is only relevant if
enable_metadata_routing=True
(see sklearn.set_config).Please see User Guide on how the routingmechanism works.The options for each parameter are:
True
: metadata is requested, and passed toscore
if provided. The request is ignored if metadata is not provided.False
: metadata is not requested and the meta-estimator will not pass it toscore
.None
: metadata is not requested, and the meta-estimator will raise an error if the user provides it.str
: metadata should be passed to the meta-estimator with this given alias instead of the original name.
The default (
sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED
) retains theexisting request. This allows you to change the request for someparameters and not others.Added in version 1.3.
Note
This method is only relevant if this estimator is used as asub-estimator of a meta-estimator, e.g. used inside aPipeline. Otherwise it has no effect.
- Parameters:
- sample_weightstr, True, False, or None, default=sklearn.utils.metadata_routing.UNCHANGED
Metadata routing for
sample_weight
parameter inscore
.
- Returns:
- selfobject
The updated object.
Gallery examples#
Release Highlights for scikit-learn 0.24
Release Highlights for scikit-learn 0.24
Classifier comparison
Classifier comparison
Plot the decision boundaries of a VotingClassifier
Plot the decision boundaries of a VotingClassifier
Caching nearest neighbors
Caching nearest neighbors
Comparing Nearest Neighbors with and without Neighborhood Components Analysis
Comparing Nearest Neighbors with and without Neighborhood Components Analysis
Dimensionality Reduction with Neighborhood Components Analysis
Dimensionality Reduction with Neighborhood Components Analysis
Nearest Neighbors Classification
Nearest Neighbors Classification
Importance of Feature Scaling
Importance of Feature Scaling
Digits Classification Exercise
Digits Classification Exercise
Classification of text documents using sparse features
Classification of text documents using sparse features